Work cat.: Brown, J. Lucy & Andy Neanderthal, 2016: p. 170 (When humans and Neanderthals encountered each other, they could have traded goods and ideas)

Random House Kids website, May 27, 2016: Lucy & Andy Neanderthal page ("features Lucy and her goofball brother Andy, as the duo take on a wandering baby sibling, bossy teens, cave paintings, and a mammoth hunt. But what will happen when they encounter a group of humans?")

Earliest Neanderthal encounters, via Becoming human website, June 24, 2015, viewed on May 27, 2016 (Science writer Ewen Callaway, writing in the journal Nature this week, examines recent evidence of the earliest encounters in Europe between long resident Neanderthals and waves of modern humans migrating from Africa. Three recent finds of our species, Homo sapiens, ranging in age from 37,000 to 45,000 years ago fail to answer questions raised earlier and in addition show the consequences of H. neanderthalensis-H. sapiens encounters were more complicated than thought earlier)

Why am I Neanderthal?, via National geographic website, May 27, 2016 (When our ancestors first migrated out of Africa around 60,000 years ago, they were not alone. At that time, at least two other species of hominid cousins walked the Eurasian landmass--Neanderthals and Denisovans. As our modern human ancestors migrated through Eurasia, they encountered the Neanderthals and interbred. Because of this, a small amount of Neanderthal DNA was introduced into the modern human gene pool)

Gibbons, A. Humans mated with Neandertals much earlier and more frequently than thought, via Science website, posted Feb. 17, 2016, viewed on May 27, 2016 (Members of our species had sex with Neandertals much earlier--and more often--than previously believed, according to a new study of ancient DNA. As some of the first bands of modern humans moved out of Africa, they met and mated with Neandertals about 100,000 years ago--perhaps in the fertile Nile Valley, along the coastal hills of the Middle East, or in the once-verdant Arabian Peninsula. This pushes back the earliest encounter between the two groups by tens of thousands of years and suggests that our ancestors were shaped in significant ways by swapping genes with other types of humans; The low levels of DNA exchanged by these encounters suggests that it came from only a few trysts--not whole-sale mate-swapping. But it was enough to pass on genes that may have spelled the difference between survival and extinction for modern humans, including Europeans who still have genes from Neandertals that are shaping their health today)

Sample, I. Human-Neanderthal relationships may be at root of modern allergies, via The guardian website, posted 7 Jan. 2016, viewed on May 27, 2016 (Passionate encounters between ancient humans and their burly cousins, the Neanderthals, may have left modern people more prone to sneezes, itches and other allergies, researchers say)

International Conference on "Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans--Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning" (2012 : Tokyo, Japan). Dynamics of learning in Neanderthals and modern humans, 2013-2014: v. 1, table of contents (Neandertal-modern human contact in western Eurasia)

Ahmed, Mukhtar. Ancient Pakistan : an archaeological history. Volume I, The Stone Age, 2014, via Google books, May 27, 2016: p. 172 (early modern human and Neanderthal contacts/interbreeding in Southwest Asia)

Advances in genetics, v. 76 (2011), via Google books, May 27, 2016: p. 37 (The extent and nature of the contacts between modern humans and Neanderthals remain unknown)